In the summer of 2021, Singh and Garg collaborated with an artificial intelligence (AI) agent (GPT-3) to research human factors in decision-making in the context of NDE 4.0. They created an interface script to engage with AI. The outcome was published in the Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation in August 2021. The authors shared their experience in a previous NDE Outlook column. They articulated their collaboration as an eye-opening and rewarding experience for human partners. The article provided convincing evidence of a powerful human-machine coworking at linguistic and cognitive levels—one that is closer than we think, and more powerful than we conceive. On 30 November 2022, OpenAI released ChatGPT, a spin-off of GPT-3 that is geared toward answering questions via back-and-forth dialogue. This conversational format allows ChatGPT to answer follow-up questions, admit its mistakes, challenge incorrect premises, and reject inappropriate requests. No need for an interface script. It is similar to a model called Sparrow, which DeepMind revealed in September. Both these models were trained using feedback from human users around the world. ChatGPT has gone viral, beating all previous records of user engagement and social media domination. It gained a million registered users in the first week, almost 15× faster than the record holder Instagram.

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